護理師照護一位全身 40% 全皮層燒傷的病人。在最初 24 小時(急診期)內,護理師預期會出現哪種生理變化?
A nurse is caring for a client with a full-thickness burn covering 40% of the body. Which physiological change should the nurse expect during the first 24 hours (emergent phase)?
- AIncreased cardiac output心輸出量增加
- BPolyuria多尿
- CIncreased capillary permeability✓ 正解毛細血管通透性增加
- DHyponatremia and hypokalemia低血鈉與低血鉀
大面積燒傷後的急診期,最核心的生理病理變化是微血管通透性增加(Increased capillary permeability)。這導致血漿從血管內滲漏到組織間隙,引發嚴重的低血容積性休克。此時期會出現血壓下降、心輸出量降低(而非增加),且細胞受損會釋放鉀離子到血液中,導致高血鉀(而非低血鉀)。此外,由於腎灌流不足,病人會出現少尿而非多尿。臨床思路上,護理師的首要任務是進行大量液體復甦(Fluid Resuscitation),並密切監測每小時尿量以評估復甦效果。
During the emergent phase of a major burn, increased capillary permeability causes plasma to shift into interstitial spaces, leading to hypovolemic shock. This results in decreased cardiac output, oliguria due to poor renal perfusion, and hyperkalemia from cell damage, rather than polyuria or hyponatremia.
美國燒傷病房普遍使用 Parkland Formula 計算首日補液量,護理師需精確計算並自主調整滴速;台灣多數醫院也遵循此指引,但護理師在調整液體量時與醫師的互動頻率通常較高。