護理師對孕婦進行營養衛教。應建議病人避免哪種食物以預防李斯特菌感染？
The nurse is instructing a pregnant client about nutrition. Which food should the nurse advise the client to avoid to prevent listeriosis?
- AFully cooked poultry完全煮熟的禽肉
- BFreshly washed vegetables新鮮洗淨的蔬菜
- CUnpasteurized soft cheeses✓ 正解未巴氏消毒的軟起司
- DPasteurized milk products巴氏消毒乳製品
李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）是一種耐低溫的病原體，孕婦因免疫系統功能改變，較一般人更容易受感染。李斯特菌感染可能導致胎兒流產、早產、死胎或新生兒嚴重的敗血症與腦膜炎。因此，孕婦應嚴格避免食用可能遭受汙染的食物，特別是未經巴氏消毒（Pasteurized）的乳製品及軟起司。其他選項如全熟肉類、巴氏消毒乳製品及處理乾淨的蔬菜均為安全飲食選擇。
Listeria monocytogenes is a cold-tolerant pathogen, and pregnant women, due to altered immune function, are more susceptible to infection than the general population. Listeria infection can lead to miscarriage, preterm birth, stillbirth, or severe neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Therefore, pregnant women should strictly avoid foods that may be contaminated, especially unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses. Other options, such as fully cooked meat, pasteurized dairy products, and properly cleaned vegetables, are all safe dietary choices.
美國食品藥物管理局（FDA）對孕婦的飲食衛教極為嚴格，特別強調避免「Unpasteurized」乳製品及熟食肉類（Deli meats），除非加熱至冒煙（Steaming hot）。台灣臨床衛教重點相似，但美國更強調標籤閱讀能力。