一位患者出現糖尿病酮酸中毒（DKA）徵象，護理師應預期執行哪些介入措施？（選所有適合的）
A client presents with signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which interventions should the nurse anticipate? (Select all that apply.)
- AAdminister regular insulin via continuous IV infusion✓ 正解經持續靜脈輸注給予速效胰島素
- BAdminister rapid IV bolus of potassium chloride快速靜脈推注氯化鉀
- CInitiate aggressive fluid replacement with 0.9% Normal Saline✓ 正解以 0.9% 生理食鹽水積極補充液體
- DMonitor serum glucose levels hourly✓ 正解每小時監測血清葡萄糖水平
- EAdminister bicarbonate for mild acidosis為輕度酸中毒給予碳酸氫鈉
DKA 處理的三大支柱：輸液復甦、胰島素治療、電解質監控。A 對：需透過 IV 給予速效胰島素並監測血糖。C 對：大量生理食鹽水可改善脫水。D 對：需每小時監測血糖。B 錯：鉀離子絕對不可靜脈直接推注（Bolus），會導致致命心律不整。E 錯：輕度酸中毒通常靠胰島素改善，補鹼液通常僅用於 pH < 6.9 的極端狀況。
The three pillars of DKA management are: fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte monitoring. A is correct: short-acting insulin must be given IV and blood glucose must be monitored. C is correct: large volumes of normal saline can improve dehydration. D is correct: blood glucose must be checked hourly. B is wrong: potassium must never be given as a direct intravenous push (bolus), as it will cause fatal arrhythmias. E is wrong: mild acidosis is usually corrected with insulin; bicarbonate is generally used only in extreme conditions when pH < 6.9.
兩地針對 DKA 的 protocol 高度相似，差異在於美國護理師常有更寬的權限調整輸液速度，台灣通常需確認醫師指令。