護理師教導病人胰島素自我注射的衛教。應包含哪些內容？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is teaching a client about self-administration of insulin. Which instructions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.)
- ARotate injection sites to prevent lipohypertrophy✓ 正解輪替注射部位以預防脂肪肥厚
- BInject insulin at room temperature✓ 正解在室溫下注射胰島素
- CStore unopened insulin vials in the freezer將未開啟的胰島素安瓿瓶存放在冰箱冷凍庫
- DClean the skin with alcohol and wait until dry✓ 正解用酒精清潔皮膚並等待乾燥
- EReuse needles for multiple injections to save money重複使用針頭以節省費用
胰島素自我注射衛教是糖尿病照護的基礎。重點在於維持藥效、預防局部組織病變與確保衛生。輪替注射部位（Site rotation）是預防脂肪增生（Lipohypertrophy）的關鍵；室溫注射可減少疼痛；酒精待乾則是為了防止酒精帶入皮下造成刺痛與組織刺激。冷凍會使胰島素變性失效，重複使用針頭則會增加感染與組織受損風險。
Teaching self-administration of insulin is a foundation of diabetes care. The focus is on preserving drug potency, preventing local tissue changes, and ensuring hygiene. Rotating injection sites is key to preventing lipohypertrophy; injecting insulin at room temperature reduces pain; and allowing the alcohol to dry prevents alcohol from being carried under the skin, which causes stinging and tissue irritation. Freezing denatures insulin and renders it ineffective; reusing needles increases the risk of infection and tissue trauma.
美國臨床對於針頭重複使用（Reusing needles）的規範非常嚴格，基於感染控制（Infection Control）原則，強烈建議單次使用。台灣部分偏鄉或居家衛教時，偶有長者因經濟因素重複使用，但在 NCLEX 考試中，這絕對是錯誤行為。