病人被開立抗膽鹼藥物。護理師應警告病人哪些症狀?(選所有適合的)
A client is prescribed an anticholinergic medication. Which symptoms should the nurse warn the client about? (Select all that apply.)
- ADry mouth口乾正確答案
- BUrinary retention尿滯留正確答案
- CBlurred vision視力模糊正確答案
- DConstipation便秘正確答案
- ETachycardia心搏過速正確答案
- A口乾
- B尿滯留
- C視力模糊
- D便秘
- E心搏過速
抗膽鹼藥物(anticholinergic medication)藉由阻斷毒蕈鹼受體(muscarinic receptor),拮抗副交感神經系統的作用。由於副交感神經負責促進腺體分泌、平滑肌收縮、心率減慢等功能,一旦被阻斷,便會出現一系列「對立」效應。臨床上常見的抗膽鹼藥物包括 atropine、scopolamine、benztropine、oxybutynin、diphenhydramine(抗組織胺兼具抗膽鹼效果)等。 記憶抗膽鹼副作用最經典的英文口訣是:「Blind as a bat(視力模糊)、Dry as a bone(口乾/皮膚乾燥)、Red as a beet(皮膚潮紅)、Mad as a hatter(意識混亂)、Hot as a hare(體溫升高)」。除此之外,還應特別記住泌尿道及腸胃道的影響。 臨床推理方面,護理師在給藥前應先評估病人是否有攝護腺肥大(benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH)、青光眼(glaucoma)、腸阻塞或心律不整等禁忌症,因為抗膽鹼藥物會加重這些病情。對於老年病人更需特別謹慎,根據 Beers Criteria,多種抗膽鹼藥物被列為高風險藥物,容易引發認知功能下降、跌倒及急性尿滯留。 護理衛教重點包括:建議病人隨身攜帶無糖口香糖或頻繁小口補水以緩解口乾;避免長時間暴露於高溫環境,因排汗減少會影響散熱;提醒視力模糊期間勿駕車或操作機械;注意排便及排尿情形,若超過一定時間未解尿應立即回報。五個選項均為公認的抗膽鹼副作用,因此本題所有選項皆正確。
- A · 正確答案口乾
【正確】抗膽鹼藥物阻斷唾液腺(salivary gland)的毒蕈鹼受體,使唾液分泌減少,導致口乾(dry mouth)。這是最常見且最早出現的副作用之一,幾乎所有抗膽鹼藥物使用者都會有此感受。護理師應建議病人多喝水或使用無糖口香糖刺激唾液分泌,同時注意口腔衛生,以減少蛀牙風險。
- B · 正確答案尿滯留
【正確】副交感神經負責收縮逼尿肌(detrusor muscle)並放鬆膀胱括約肌以協助排尿;抗膽鹼藥物阻斷此作用後,會導致膀胱收縮力下降、尿液滯留(urinary retention)。男性有攝護腺肥大者風險更高。護理師應告知病人若排尿困難或下腹脹痛需立即就醫,並在給藥前評估相關禁忌症。
- C · 正確答案視力模糊
【正確】眼睛的睫狀肌(ciliary muscle)和瞳孔括約肌(iris sphincter)受副交感神經支配;抗膽鹼藥物使瞳孔散大(mydriasis)且睫狀肌麻痺,造成視力模糊(blurred vision)及畏光。此效應對於窄角性青光眼(narrow-angle glaucoma)病人尤其危險,因眼內壓可能急遽上升,是重要的禁忌症。
- D · 正確答案便秘
【正確】腸道蠕動由副交感神經控制,抗膽鹼藥物使腸道平滑肌鬆弛,腸蠕動減慢,進而導致便秘(constipation)。長期使用者應建議增加膳食纖維、水分攝取及適度活動。若出現腹脹嚴重或超過三天未排便,應通知醫療團隊評估是否需要使用軟便劑。
- E · 正確答案心搏過速
【正確】心臟的竇房結(sinoatrial node)受迷走神經(vagus nerve,屬副交感神經)調控以減緩心率。抗膽鹼藥物(如 atropine)阻斷此迷走神經作用,使心率加速,產生心跳過快(tachycardia)。Atropine 臨床上甚至被用於治療心搏過緩(bradycardia)。有冠狀動脈疾病或心律不整病史的病人使用時需特別監測心率。
台灣臨床上 diphenhydramine 常作為過敏或助眠用途,但其抗膽鹼副作用在台灣的衛教說明相對不足,尤其針對老年病人的風險提醒較少強調。美國則廣泛應用 Beers Criteria 作為老年用藥安全指引,明確將多種抗膽鹼藥物列為應避免或謹慎使用的藥物,護理師在用藥審查(medication reconciliation)時扮演更積極的角色。台灣護理師赴美執業時應熟悉此準則。
English explanation
Anticholinergic medications block muscarinic receptors and antagonize the parasympathetic nervous system. Because the parasympathetic system promotes glandular secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and slowing of the heart rate, blocking it produces a series of opposing effects. Commonly used anticholinergics include atropine, scopolamine, benztropine, oxybutynin, and diphenhydramine (an antihistamine with anticholinergic activity). The classic mnemonic for remembering anticholinergic side effects is: "Blind as a bat (blurred vision), Dry as a bone (dry mouth/dry skin), Red as a beet (flushed skin), Mad as a hatter (confusion), Hot as a hare (elevated temperature)." In addition, the urinary and gastrointestinal effects must be specifically remembered. Clinically, before administration the nurse should assess the client for contraindications such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), glaucoma, intestinal obstruction, or arrhythmias, because anticholinergic medications can worsen these conditions. Extra caution is warranted in older adults; according to the Beers Criteria, many anticholinergic agents are classified as high-risk and may cause cognitive decline, falls, and acute urinary retention. Key patient education includes: recommending that the client carry sugar-free gum or sip water frequently to relieve dry mouth; avoiding prolonged exposure to hot environments because decreased sweating impairs heat dissipation; reminding the client not to drive or operate machinery while experiencing blurred vision; and monitoring bowel and bladder function, reporting promptly if the client has not voided after a certain interval. All five options are recognized anticholinergic side effects, so every option in this question is correct.
最近修訂:2026-10-05