下列哪些病人發生醫療照護相關感染（HAI）的風險最高？（選所有適合的）

HAI 的風險與病人的免疫狀態及侵入性醫療設備的暴露程度直接相關。留置導尿管（A）提供了細菌進入泌尿道的門戶，是造成 CAUTI 的高風險因素；化療病人（C）因骨髓抑制導致白血球低下，缺乏基本的抗感染防禦能力，極易發生伺機性感染；長期使用類固醇（E）會抑制細胞介導的免疫反應，導致傷口癒合延遲且免疫力顯著下降。相較之下，單純骨折（B）若無手術介入，皮膚完整性未破壞，感染風險極低；手術傷口（D）雖有風險，但若無其他共病，其基礎風險低於前三者。護理師在評估感染風險時，必須綜合考慮病人的免疫功能、侵入性裝置數量及藥物治療背景，針對高危險群實施更嚴格的感染防護策略。

The risk for HAI is directly related to the client's immune status and exposure to invasive devices. An indwelling urinary catheter (A) provides a portal of entry for bacteria into the urinary tract and is a high-risk factor for CAUTI; chemotherapy clients (C) are bone-marrow suppressed and leukopenic, lacking basic defenses against infection and highly susceptible to opportunistic infections; long-term corticosteroid use (E) suppresses cell-mediated immunity, delaying wound healing and significantly lowering immune function. By comparison, an uncomplicated fracture (B) without surgical intervention has intact skin and a very low infection risk; surgical wounds (D) carry some risk, but in the absence of comorbidities the baseline risk is lower than for the first three. In assessing infection risk, the nurse must integrate immune function, the number of invasive devices, and pharmacologic background, and implement stricter infection-prevention strategies for high-risk groups.

美國照護品質標準（如 CMS 報表）對於 CAUTI 與 CLABSI 的發生率有嚴格的公開追蹤要求，護理師需定期進行標竿分析；台灣則透過醫院評鑑與感控監測系統進行管理，對於長期類固醇使用者的預防性抗生素使用與護理照護指引，多由感染科醫師與臨床藥師共同決策。