護理師評估中年人的心血管健康。下列哪項風險因子是可改變的？

心血管健康風險因子可分為「不可改變（Non-modifiable）」與「可改變（Modifiable）」兩大類。不可改變因子包括遺傳、年齡、性別，這些是先天條件，護理介入無法影響。可改變因子則與生活型態、代謝指標有關，例如吸菸、高血壓、高血脂、肥胖及缺乏運動。吸菸會導致血管收縮、內皮細胞受損及促進動脈粥狀硬化，是臨床上最關鍵且可透過行為改變來顯著降低風險的因子。護理師在進行健康促進時，應優先針對這些可改變項目進行衛教與介入。

Cardiovascular risk factors can be divided into 'non-modifiable' and 'modifiable' categories. Non-modifiable factors include genetics, age, and sex; these are inherent and cannot be influenced by nursing intervention. Modifiable factors are related to lifestyle and metabolic indicators, such as smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and physical inactivity. Smoking causes vasoconstriction, endothelial damage, and promotes atherosclerosis; it is clinically the most critical factor that can significantly reduce risk through behavioral change. When promoting health, nurses should prioritize education and intervention targeting these modifiable factors.