護理師教導幼兒父母預防鉛中毒。應提到下列哪項來源為潛在風險？
A nurse is educating parents of a toddler on preventing lead poisoning. Which source should be mentioned as a potential risk?
- APlastic toys from reputable manufacturers來自信譽良好製造商的塑膠玩具
- BWell-maintained stainless steel cookware保養良好的不鏽鋼鍋具
- CFiltered bottled water過濾瓶裝水
- DPeeling paint in older homes✓ 正解老舊房屋中的剝落油漆
鉛中毒（Lead poisoning）在幼兒中最常見的暴露途徑為攝入含鉛的剝落漆料（lead-based paint）。美國許多 1978 年前建造的住宅仍存有含鉛油漆，當漆料剝落或產生粉塵時，幼兒因有口腔探索期（oral fixation）或手口行為，極易誤食。預防重點在於環境除鉛、定期篩檢幼兒血鉛值（Blood Lead Level, BLL），並確保營養攝取（如鈣、鐵）以減少鉛的吸收。
In young children, the most common exposure pathway for lead poisoning is ingestion of peeling lead-based paint. Many homes in the United States built before 1978 still contain lead paint, and when the paint peels or generates dust, toddlers are highly likely to ingest it through normal oral exploration and hand-to-mouth behavior. Prevention focuses on environmental lead abatement, regular screening of children's blood lead level (BLL), and ensuring adequate nutritional intake (such as calcium and iron) to reduce lead absorption.
美國 CDC 針對兒童血鉛篩檢有嚴格的指引（如 Universal screening 在高風險區），台灣則較少針對一般幼兒進行全面性常規血鉛篩檢，多針對高風險暴露職業或環境。