護理師評估病人的感染風險。哪些因素會增加感染風險？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client for risk of infection. Which factors increase the risk? (Select all that apply.)
- AAdvanced age✓ 正解高齡。
- BUse of immunosuppressive medications✓ 正解使用免疫抑制藥物。
- CIncreased daily fluid intake增加每日水分攝取量。
- DPresence of invasive medical devices✓ 正解存在侵入性醫療裝置。
- EHigh protein diet高蛋白飲食。
感染風險評估的核心在於「宿主防禦機制」是否受損。高齡者因免疫系統衰退（immunosenescence）及皮膚屏障變薄，易受病原體入侵；免疫抑制劑直接抑制白血球功能與發炎反應；侵入性裝置（如導尿管、中央靜脈導管）則直接打破了人體的物理屏障，提供微生物進入體內的捷徑。臨床護理中，識別這些高風險因子能協助護理師提前採取預防措施（如嚴格無菌技術、縮短裝置留置時間）。
Infection risk assessment focuses on whether the host's defense mechanisms are impaired. Older adults are susceptible because of immunosenescence and thinning of the skin barrier; immunosuppressive medications directly suppress leukocyte function and the inflammatory response; and invasive devices (such as urinary catheters and central venous catheters) breach the body's physical barriers and provide a direct route for microbial entry. Identifying these high-risk factors in clinical nursing helps the nurse implement preventive measures in advance (such as strict aseptic technique and minimizing device dwell time).