一位 30 歲女性計畫懷孕，護理師應建議補充哪種營養素以預防胎兒神經管缺陷？

葉酸（Folic acid）對於胎兒的神經管發育至關重要。神經管在懷孕早期（受孕後的前幾週）即閉合，此時胎兒母親往往尚未確認懷孕。因此，建議育齡女性在計畫懷孕前即開始補充葉酸，可顯著降低胎兒發生神經管缺陷（Neural tube defects）的風險，如脊柱裂（Spina bifida）或無腦症。

Folic acid is essential for fetal neural tube development. The neural tube closes in early pregnancy (within the first few weeks after conception), often before the mother has even confirmed the pregnancy. Therefore, women of childbearing age are advised to begin folic acid supplementation before planning pregnancy, which can significantly reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects, such as spina bifida or anencephaly.