護理師評估高血鉀症病人，應預期出現哪些臨床表徵？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is assessing a client with hyperkalemia. Which findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)
- AMuscle weakness✓ 正解肌肉無力
- BTall peaked T waves on EKG✓ 正解心電圖呈現高大尖銳的 T 波
- CAbdominal cramping✓ 正解腹部絞痛
- DIncreased bowel sounds腸音增加
- EHyperactive deep tendon reflexes深部肌腱反射亢進
高血鉀症（hyperkalemia）會造成靜止膜電位去極化，影響神經肌肉與心臟電生理：A. 肌肉無力源於鈉通道失活、神經肌肉興奮性下降；B. 高尖 T 波是高血鉀的早期心電圖特徵；C. 腹絞痛來自胃腸平滑肌過度興奮。D. 「腸音亢進」並非高血鉀的可靠教科書徵象——胃腸表現以絞痛與腹瀉為主，腸音變化方向不一致；E. 深肌腱反射在高血鉀通常為「減弱」而非亢進。優先治療包括 calcium gluconate（保護心臟）、insulin + glucose（細胞內移）等。
Hyperkalemia causes depolarization of the resting membrane potential, affecting neuromuscular and cardiac electrophysiology: A. Muscle weakness arises from inactivation of sodium channels and decreased neuromuscular excitability; B. Tall peaked T waves are the early ECG hallmark of hyperkalemia; C. Abdominal cramping results from hyperexcitability of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. D. Hyperactive bowel sounds is not a reliable textbook sign of hyperkalemia, where GI manifestations are mainly cramping and diarrhea, with inconsistent direction of change in bowel sounds; E. Deep tendon reflexes are usually diminished, not hyperactive, in hyperkalemia. Priority treatments include calcium gluconate (cardiac protection) and insulin plus glucose (intracellular shift).