護理師正在為一個育有 2 歲幼兒的家庭進行居家安全評估。下列哪些發現需要立即介入指導？（選所有適合的）
A nurse is conducting a home safety assessment for a family with a 2-year-old toddler. Which findings require immediate intervention? (Select all that apply.)
- ACleaning supplies are stored in an unlocked cabinet under the kitchen sink✓ 正解清潔用品存放在廚房水槽下方未上鎖的櫥櫃中
- BPlastic bags from the grocery store are kept in a lower pantry drawer✓ 正解超市塑膠袋存放在較低的儲藏室抽屜中
- CThe water heater temperature is set to 120°F (48.9°C)熱水器溫度設定為 120°F (48.9°C)
- DSafety gates are installed at the top and bottom of the stairs樓梯頂部和底部均安裝了安全門
- EHouseplants like Philodendron are placed on low coffee tables✓ 正解像蔓綠絨這樣的室內盆栽放置在低矮的咖啡桌上
幼兒期的健康促進重點在於預防意外傷害，因為 2 歲小孩充滿好奇心且具備移動能力，但缺乏對危險的認知。核心概念是環境控制。選項 A 是典型中毒風險，清潔劑必須鎖在高處或加裝幼兒安全鎖。選項 B 涉及窒息風險，塑膠袋不可放在幼兒伸手可及處。選項 E 的蔓綠絨（Philodendron）等常見盆栽對幼兒具有毒性，誤食會造成口咽腫脹。至於 C，120°F 是預防燙傷的建議最高溫，屬安全。D 的安全門是標準預防跌落措施。臨床思路上，護理師應針對「吸入/誤食、中毒、燙傷」這三大幼兒居家威脅進行系統性檢視，確保環境達到物理性的隔絕。
Health promotion in toddlerhood focuses on preventing unintentional injury, because 2-year-olds are highly curious and mobile but lack awareness of danger. The core concept is environmental control. Option A represents a typical poisoning risk; cleaning supplies must be locked away or stored out of reach. Option B involves a suffocation hazard; plastic bags must not be stored within a toddler's reach. Option E refers to common houseplants such as Philodendron, which are toxic to toddlers and can cause oropharyngeal swelling if ingested. As for C, 120°F is the recommended maximum temperature for scald prevention and is safe. Option D, safety gates, is a standard fall-prevention measure. Clinically, the nurse should systematically evaluate the three major in-home threats to toddlers—aspiration/ingestion, poisoning, and burns—and ensure the environment provides physical barriers.
在美國，居家安全評估（Home Safety Assessment）常由公衛護理師或社會工作者執行，且法律對幼兒安全規範極嚴。台灣目前多由公共衛生護理師在新生兒訪視或診所衛教時口頭提醒，較少深入家庭實地逐項查核，但 NCLEX 考試標準是以全球通用的安全準則為準。