護理師正在提供有關成人健康飲食的教育。下列何者是心臟健康飲食的組成部分？（選所有適合的）

核心概念：心臟健康飲食（Heart-healthy diet）旨在透過調整飲食內容，降低心血管疾病（Cardiovascular Disease, CVD）的風險。此題評估對此類飲食原則的了解。 為何正確答案 B, C, D 對： B. 大量攝取蔬果（Abundant consumption of fruits and vegetables）：蔬果富含維生素、礦物質、纖維和抗氧化劑，有助於降低血壓、改善膽固醇水平，並減少發炎反應，對心臟健康有益。 C. 規律攝取全穀物（Regular consumption of whole grains）：全穀物（如燕麥、糙米、全麥麵包）提供豐富的纖維，有助於控制血糖、降低膽固醇，並增加飽足感，對心血管健康有益。 D. 限制添加糖攝取（Limited intake of added sugars）：過多的添加糖（尤其來自含糖飲料和加工食品）與肥胖、高血壓、高血脂及糖尿病風險增加有關，這些都是心血管疾病的危險因子。 為何其他選項錯： A. 高飽和脂肪和反式脂肪攝取：飽和脂肪（主要來自紅肉、奶油、全脂乳製品）和反式脂肪（常存在於加工食品、烘焙食品中）會顯著升高低密度脂蛋白膽固醇（LDL-C），增加動脈粥狀硬化的風險。 E. 高鈉攝取：過多的鈉攝取是導致高血壓的主要原因之一，長期高血壓會損害血管，增加心臟病發作和中風的風險。 臨床思路/安全優先：推廣心臟健康飲食是預防和管理心血管疾病的重要公共衛生策略。護理師應教育病人選擇低脂、低鈉、高纖維的食物，多攝取原型食物，減少加工食品、紅肉和含糖飲料的攝取，以維持良好的血壓、血脂和血糖控制。

Core concept: A heart-healthy diet aims to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by modifying dietary intake. This item assesses understanding of such dietary principles. Why the correct answers B, C, D are right: B. Abundant consumption of fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants, which help lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels, and reduce inflammation, all beneficial to heart health. C. Regular consumption of whole grains: Whole grains (such as oats, brown rice, and whole-wheat bread) provide abundant fiber that helps control blood glucose, lower cholesterol, and promote satiety, supporting cardiovascular health. D. Limited intake of added sugars: Excess added sugars (especially from sugar-sweetened beverages and processed foods) are linked to obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and an increased risk of diabetes, all of which are cardiovascular risk factors. Why the other options are wrong: A. High intake of saturated and trans fats: Saturated fats (mainly from red meat, butter, full-fat dairy) and trans fats (often found in processed and baked foods) significantly elevate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. E. High sodium intake: Excess sodium intake is a major cause of hypertension, and long-standing hypertension damages blood vessels and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. Clinical reasoning/safety priority: Promoting a heart-healthy diet is an important public health strategy for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. The nurse should educate clients to choose low-fat, low-sodium, high-fiber foods, emphasize whole foods, and reduce processed foods, red meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages to maintain good blood pressure, lipid, and glucose control.