護理師正評估一名 80 歲個案。下列哪項與老化相關的生理變化應被視為正常?
A nurse is assessing an 80-year-old client. Which physiological change associated with aging should the nurse consider as normal?
- AIncreased sensitivity to glare✓ 正解對眩光敏感度增加
- BIncontinence of urine尿失禁
- CRapid short-term memory loss快速發生的短期記憶喪失
- DSudden onset of confusion突然出現的意識混亂
理解正常老化與病理變化的區別是老年護理的基礎。正確答案 A(對眩光敏感度增加)是水晶體硬化與混濁(白內障傾向)的正常生理結果,影響視網膜的光調節。選項 C(快速短期記憶喪失)不是正常老化,可能是失智症的早期徵兆。選項 B(尿失禁)雖然在老年人中常見,但絕非「正常」老化過程,通常與疾病或結構問題有關。選項 D(突然混亂)是譫妄(Delirium)的表現,通常與感染或藥物有關,屬於急症。護理師應教導老年人適應視覺變化,如使用抗眩光眼鏡或調整居家照明,這屬於健康促進中的功能性維護。
Age-related lens hardening and clouding commonly cause increased sensitivity to glare and reduced night vision, which are normal physiological changes. In contrast, urinary incontinence, rapid memory loss, and sudden confusion are pathological signs indicating conditions like infection, dementia, or delirium rather than normal aging.
美國 NCLEX 強調區分「Aging vs. Disease」;台灣臨床中,家長或病患常將尿失禁或混亂誤認為「老了本來就會這樣」,護理師需積極導正觀念。